Enhancement versus practicality in steam condensation heat transfer

Condensation enables heat transfer with superior efficiency compared with single-phase processes, making it prevalent in industry. The discovery of dropwise condensation coupled with rising global energy demands stimulated an academic fervor in the 20^th century that has lasted several decades, with researchers developing complex surface modification technologies to enhance condensation heat transfer. However, practical complexities such as non-condensable gas (NCG) infiltration, accurate temperature measurements, manufacturability, and durability preclude these technologies’ industrial adoption. In this perspective, we summarize how the lack of a standard experimental procedure has led to researchers publishing data without realizing that NCGs are present in their systems. We discuss how emerging characterization techniques, such as infrared thermometry and machine learning, can overcome the limitations of traditional methods while improving data reliability and reproducibility. We also recommend topics of investigation for the heat transfer community to progress toward highly efficient thermal systems in a rapidly electrifying and decarbonizing world.