Manuela Altieri, Alvino Bisecco, Alessandro d'Ambrosio, Valentina Rippa, Mario Risi, Riccardo Maria Borgo, Daniela Buonanno, Teresa Cuomo, Alessandro Tessitore, Gabriella Santangelo, Antonio Gallo
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The <i>t</i>-test was performed to compare sociodemographic variables, Italian adaptation of the Cognitive Reserve Scale, and cognitive test scores between sexes. To evaluate the effect of CR and sex and their interaction on cognitive performance several models of multivariate analyses of covariance were performed (dependent variables: all subtests of Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests and Stroop scores; independent variables: sex and CR). Covariates included age, Expanded Disability Status Scale, and BDI-II scores.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Women showed higher levels of CR, particularly in daily activities (<i>t</i> = -5.848, <i>p</i><.001), hobbies (<i>t</i> = -2.591, <i>p</i> = .010), and social life (<i>t</i> = -2.362, <i>p</i> = .011). Sex differences were noted in verbal memory and fluency (with women outperforming men) and processing speed (with men performing better than women). Multivariate analyses revealed a nonsignificant interaction between CR and sex on cognition (Λ=.950, F<sub>(10,260)=</sub>.813, <i>p</i> = .617, η<sub>p</sub><sup>2</sup> = .050).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CR and sex seemed to affect cognitive performance independently in pwMS. This highlights the importance of considering both factors in cognitive assessment, and that both sexes may benefit from specific psychoeducational training aimed at increasing CR levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":49995,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"The relationship between biological sex, cognitive reserve, and cognition in multiple sclerosis.\",\"authors\":\"Manuela Altieri, Alvino Bisecco, Alessandro d'Ambrosio, Valentina Rippa, Mario Risi, Riccardo Maria Borgo, Daniela Buonanno, Teresa Cuomo, Alessandro Tessitore, Gabriella Santangelo, Antonio Gallo\",\"doi\":\"10.1017/S1355617725000086\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cognitive impairment is a common feature of multiple sclerosis (MS), and its severity may be influenced by several factors, such as biological sex and levels of cognitive reserve (CR). 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引用次数: 0
摘要
目的：认知功能障碍是多发性硬化症（MS）的共同特征，其严重程度可能受多种因素的影响，如生理性别和认知储备（CR）水平。性别、CR和认知之间的关系尚未得到充分研究。因此，本研究旨在探讨ms患者认知能力的性别差异，以及性别和认知能力对ms认知能力的影响。方法：233名被试分别采用BRB-N、Stroop测验和认知储备量表。采用t检验比较社会人口学变量、意大利式认知储备量表的适应性和性别间的认知测试分数。为了评估CR和性别及其相互作用对认知表现的影响，我们采用了几种多变量协方差分析模型(因变量：神经心理简短可重复测试组的所有子测试和Stroop分数；自变量：性别和CR)。协变量包括年龄、扩展残疾状态量表和BDI-II评分。结果：女性表现出更高的CR水平，特别是在日常活动（t = -5.848, pt = -2.591, p = 0.010）和社交生活（t = -2.362, p = 0.011）。在口头记忆和流畅性（女性表现优于男性）以及处理速度（男性表现优于女性）方面，性别差异得到了注意。多变量分析显示，CR和性别对认知的交互作用不显著(Λ=。950年,F(10260) =。813, p = 0.617, ηp2 = 0.050)。结论：CR和性别似乎独立影响pwMS患者的认知表现。这突出了在认知评估中考虑这两个因素的重要性，并且两性都可能从旨在提高CR水平的特定心理教育训练中受益。
The relationship between biological sex, cognitive reserve, and cognition in multiple sclerosis.
Objective: Cognitive impairment is a common feature of multiple sclerosis (MS), and its severity may be influenced by several factors, such as biological sex and levels of cognitive reserve (CR). The relationship between sex, CR, and cognition has not yet been fully investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore sex differences in CR building and the effect of sex and CR on cognitive performance in MS.
Method: 233 participants underwent the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRB-N), the Stroop test, and the Cognitive Reserve Scale. The t-test was performed to compare sociodemographic variables, Italian adaptation of the Cognitive Reserve Scale, and cognitive test scores between sexes. To evaluate the effect of CR and sex and their interaction on cognitive performance several models of multivariate analyses of covariance were performed (dependent variables: all subtests of Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests and Stroop scores; independent variables: sex and CR). Covariates included age, Expanded Disability Status Scale, and BDI-II scores.
Results: Women showed higher levels of CR, particularly in daily activities (t = -5.848, p<.001), hobbies (t = -2.591, p = .010), and social life (t = -2.362, p = .011). Sex differences were noted in verbal memory and fluency (with women outperforming men) and processing speed (with men performing better than women). Multivariate analyses revealed a nonsignificant interaction between CR and sex on cognition (Λ=.950, F(10,260)=.813, p = .617, ηp2 = .050).
Conclusions: CR and sex seemed to affect cognitive performance independently in pwMS. This highlights the importance of considering both factors in cognitive assessment, and that both sexes may benefit from specific psychoeducational training aimed at increasing CR levels.
期刊介绍：
The Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society is the official journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, an organization of over 4,500 international members from a variety of disciplines. The Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society welcomes original, creative, high quality research papers covering all areas of neuropsychology. The focus of articles may be primarily experimental, applied, or clinical. Contributions will broadly reflect the interest of all areas of neuropsychology, including but not limited to: development of cognitive processes, brain-behavior relationships, adult and pediatric neuropsychology, neurobehavioral syndromes (such as aphasia or apraxia), and the interfaces of neuropsychology with related areas such as behavioral neurology, neuropsychiatry, genetics, and cognitive neuroscience. Papers that utilize behavioral, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological measures are appropriate.
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