Microgravity as a contributing factor to venous thromboembolism development: Risks and prevention strategies

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) being the third most occurring cardiovascular disease in the world after Myocardial Infarction and Stroke is very fatal. Being a multi-factorial disease, several risk factors in the terrestrial condition plays crucial part in the disease topography. Once exposed to microgravity, the weightlessness influences several thrombotic parameters, thus making astronauts in-flight to develop higher blood viscosity and increased risk of VTE. An astronaut travelling to the International Space Station developed a blood clot in the left internal Jugular vein, according to a recent case report. A proven way of treating clot development in microgravity does not exist. The information for the current investigation was gathered from reports that were readily available on microgravity and venous thrombosis. Reports on the impact of ground-based analogue and microgravity on the coagulation system demonstrate significant variation in study approaches, goals, and results. Based on the information that is currently available, it has been determined that little is known about the risk factors, pathological regulation, repercussions, and clinical manifestations related to coagulation systems in spaceflight (microgravity). Data, however, indicates that astronauts may be subjected to an elevated coagulation state in the cerebral venous systems when in spaceflight because of an increase in venous pressure and a decrease or reversal of blood flow. High fibrinogen levels, endothelial injury, and to some extent hypercoagulation were also noted. The study recognizes the critical need for additional research to assess the pathogenic processes in the blood that take place during actual spaceflight. This vital knowledge will advise risk estimation, diagnostic possibilities, and countermeasures for thrombosis mitigation in a microgravity setting during future space travel.