Enhanced Grätzel Solar Cells Using Carbon Nanodots and Natural Dye.

Photoluminescent carbon nanodots have shown great potential in various scientific fields, with prominence in technological applications. Their low toxicity, affordability, and biocompatibility make them a promising alternative in developing next-generation solar cells. This study explored carbon nanodots (CNDs) as an alternative to traditional carbon allotropes, focusing on creating sustainable and environmentally friendly Grätzel-type solar cells using low-cost materials. The feasibility of CNDs, in conjunction with Leandra australis fruit dye as TiO₂ sensitizers, was investigated, as well as the impact on the diffusion coefficient of I₃ ^- in the electrolyte due to excess I₂. The synergistic interaction between the dye and CNDs altered the material energy states, red-shifting the solution's light absorption region (Dye-CNDs). Improved V _oc and J _sc values were recorded, and as a result, a 5% increase in energy conversion efficiency (η) was calculated for the FTO/TiO₂-Dye-CNDs photoanode cell compared to the control photoanode cell (FTO/TiO₂-Dye). These results highlight the promising potential of CNDs as a low-cost alternative to significantly enhance the potential of Grätzel-type solar cells, paving the way for more sustainable energy solutions.