Carbon-friendly design method of tunnel lining segments based on Pareto optimal analysis

With the acceleration of urbanization and the increasing awareness of environmental protection, it has become an urgent issue to reduce carbon emissions and costs in engineering design. To offer an effective and quantitative approach, we propose a carbon-friendly design method for tunnel lining segments based on Pareto optimal analysis, aiming to obtain the optimal design scheme for tunnel lining segments by comprehensively considering both carbon emissions and costs. Firstly, this paper establishes a carbon emission and cost calculation model for tunnel lining segments from material production to on-site construction. Based on this, we explore whether economic benefits can be sacrificed to reduce carbon emissions. As far as the practical engineering data is concerned, detailed parameter analysis is conducted. The relationships between segments carbon emissions and costs versus key influencing factors such as the burial depth, the material type, and the traffic capacity, are investigated. This method precedes the time-consuming and error-prone process of manual trial and error calculations in previous design optimization through automatic iteration, and facilitates the development of the green and sustainable infrastructures.