Precision Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Its Drug Resistance

Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative microaerophilic bacterium, is implicated in a broad spectrum of upper gastrointestinal disorders, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and even certain extragastric diseases. Its ability to colonize and persist within the host is driven by a complex arsenal of colonization and virulence factors, underscoring the intricate dynamics of host–pathogen interactions. The clinical management of H. pylori remains challenging, primarily due to the absence of commercially available vaccines and the increasing prevalence of multidrug resistance. Accurate and reliable detection methods are therefore critical for preventing infections, identifying antibiotic resistance, and assessing treatment efficacy. Currently, both invasive and non-invasive diagnostic approaches are employed, each with unique strengths and limitations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of H. pylori pathogenesis, diagnostic strategies, and therapeutic interventions, highlighting the latest advancements in diagnostic and treatment technologies. By critically evaluating existing methods and exploring innovative approaches, this review aims to support future progress in the effective management of this globally prevalent pathogen.