Three-dimensional surgical anatomy of the parapharyngeal space: a digital anatomical model derived from radiographic images, peer-reviewed literature, and a medical illustration

The parapharyngeal space is a potential space below the skull base and lateral to the upper portion of the oropharynx. While tumors in this space are uncommon, neoplasms in this region are often treated surgically. Both clinical diagnosis, imaging and complete surgical excision require excellent 3-dimensional (3D) visualization to successfully plan treatment course and avoid surgical complications. Using combined radiographic images, peer reviewed literature on gross and microscopic anatomy, an anatomically accurate digital 3D model of the parapharyngeal space was developed by an experienced medical illustrator. Surgical techniques for head and neck tumors within the parapharyngeal space are further detailed. The final 3D model was rendered and uploaded to a 3D model repository. Here, we develop a 3D anatomically accurate model for the parapharyngeal space to aid clinicians, radiologists, surgeons, and learners in understanding and visualizing the complex relationships within the parapharyngeal space. This model can serve as a tool for understanding the complex anatomy of the parapharyngeal space and improving diagnostic imaging and surgical approaches to tumors in this region.