Statistical Properties of Dayside Whistler-Mode Waves at Low Latitudes Under Various Solar Wind Conditions

While whistler-mode waves are generated by injected anisotropic electrons on the nightside, the observed day-night asymmetry of wave distributions raises an intriguing question about their generation on the dayside. In this study, we evaluate the distributions of whistler-mode wave amplitudes and electrons as a function of distance from the magnetopause (MP) on the dayside from 6 to 18 hr in magnetic local time (MLT) within ±18° of magnetic latitude using the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interaction During Substorms measurements from June 2010 to August 2018. Specifically, under different levels of solar wind dynamic pressure and geomagnetic index, we conduct a statistical analysis to examine whistler-mode wave amplitude, as well as anisotropy and phase space density (PSD) of source electrons across 1–20 keV energies, which potentially provide a source of free energy for wave generation. In coordinates relative to the MP, we find that lower-band (0.05–0.5 f_ce) waves occur much closer to the MP than upper-band (0.5–0.8 f_ce) waves, where f_ce is electron cyclotron frequency. Our statistical results reveal that strong waves are associated with high anisotropy and high PSD of source electrons near the equator, indicating a preferred region for local wave generation on the dayside. Over 10–14 hr in MLT, as latitude increases, electron anisotropy decreases, while whistler-mode wave amplitudes increase, suggesting that wave propagation from the equator to higher latitudes, along with amplification along the propagation path, is necessary to explain the observed waves on the dayside.