Theodoros Aretaios (1829-1893) and the Foundation of Greek Orthopedic Surgery.

Objective: This historical vignette aims to elucidate the contributions of Professor Theodoros Aretaios (1829-1893) to orthopedic surgery in nineteenth-century Greece.

Methods: Documentary research was conducted of Aretaios' personal patient archives, preserved in the National Library of Greece, to validate and evaluate his surgical practices.

Results: The archival records revealed a total of 22 orthopedic cases. Aretaios primarily performed upper and lower limb amputations and dislocation reductions. Reconstructive bone and joint operations were less frequent in his practice.

Conclusion: The role which may be played by the archival records is demonstrated within this historical vignette. The work of Theodoros Aretaios highlights the procedures performed in 19th century orthopedics in the new Greek state. Aretaios contributed to the establishment of the Greek school of surgical practice and many of the surgeons of his era followed his steps.