Microplastics and their role in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria as a threat for the environment

Plastics and antibiotic resistance are two main global concerns, although seemingly unrelated yet interconnected threats. Microplastics (MPs) are widely present in terrestrial and marine environments that pose unique risks to living organisms. They can be absorbed by organisms, enter the food chain, accumulate pollutants on their surfaces, and contribute to antibiotic resistance (AR) in bacteria. Moreover, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared AR a global threat, because of the increasing annual death rate caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). MPs due to their surface properties act as a platform for the formation of bacterial biofilms and transfer of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs). These polymers support bacteria in acquiring antibiotic resistance by providing a conducive environment for the horizontal gene transfer (HGT), including the transfer of ARGs. This review discusses the interplay between MPs and antibiotic resistance, by focusing briefly on interaction between MPs and ARB. Gaining insight into this interaction is crucial for developing strategies to combat the dual threats of MP pollution and the global antibiotic resistance crisis. Further studies are needed to better understand the factors impacting the interaction between ARB and MPs.