Elucidating the mechanism of resistance to anthracnose in litchi leaves through transcriptome analysis.

Background: Litchi, an important tropical fruit, is severely affected by anthracnose disease. However, the mechanism of its disease resistance response remains unknown, and resistant accession genetic resources and resistance-related genes have not yet been identified.

Results: In this study, 82 accessions of litchi were evaluated for resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and the accessions 'Haiken 5' and 'Nongmei 5 hao' were identified as resistant and susceptible, respectively. Leaves from these two accessions were inoculated with C. gloeosporioides and collected at 6 and 24 h for use as materials for transcriptome analysis. Analyses of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the accessions and their controls, which were inoculated with potato dextrose agar medium, revealed that the resistant accession presented more DEGs with smaller changes in magnitude, whereas the susceptible accession presented fewer DEGs with greater changes in magnitude. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and plant-pathogen interactions were identified as common pathways. Chitinase activity, oxidoreductase activity, aminoglycan and glucosamine-containing compounds, and cell wall metabolic processes also participated in the defence reaction. Salicylic acid signalling in litchi leaves contributed to resistance to C. gloeosporioides. Short Time-series Expression Miner (STEM) and weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) were also employed to evaluate the gene expression trends and identify highly correlated genes.

Conclusion: Litchi accessions presented different resistance responses to anthracnose disease. Small changes in the expression levels of critical resistance-related genes were sufficient to produce the defence reaction. Calcium ion regulatory mechanisms and transcription factors have been preliminarily identified as contributors to disease resistance. Multiple pathways and molecular processes participate in the defence response. These results identify candidate genes and pathways involved in litchi plant defence against anthracnose.