Nature of space-weathered rims on Chang'e-5 lunar soil grains

The space weathering processes modify the microstructure and physicochemical properties of the surface of regolith mineral grains. We report microcraters and space-weathered rims on the surface of plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine, ilmenite and troilite grains in Chang'e-5 scooped lunar soil by electron microscopy. Micro-analysis shows that low-speed secondary impact events indicated by microcraters dominated the evolution of Chang'e-5 regolith materials, which may have driven the formation of a potential microscale redox environment under a special mineral combination. Solar wind and cosmic ray irradiation lead to significant differences in space-weathered rims of mineral surfaces. This indicates the correlation between the nature of different space-weathered rims and the inherent structure and composition of minerals. According to the statistical correlation between space-weathered rim width and track density, the average exposure ages of plagioclase and olivine in Chang'e-5 lunar soil are $2.{180}_{-0.222}^{+0.229}$ Ma and $0.{842}_{-0.469}^{+1.120}$ Ma, respectively. This rule applies to regolith materials with short exposure time. The in situ mineralogical evidence clarifies that compared with Apollo mature lunar soil, Chang'e-5 lunar soil seems to have undergone weaker space weathering modification and shorter exposure history, and the essence is a weakly space-weathered lunar soil from young basalt. The nature of the space-weathered rims on the mineral surface of Chang'e-5 lunar soil reflects the response of regolith material to space weathering in a short exposure history, which is of great significance for the interpretation of spectral data of returned samples.