Effects of invasive American bullfrogs and their removal on Northwestern pond turtles

The American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) is an invasive species globally significant for its role as a generalist predator in freshwater systems. Native turtles are among the species eaten by bullfrogs, and turtle populations are slow to recover from this impact. We examined the effects of bullfrogs and their removal on Northwestern pond turtles (Actinemys marmorata) at four sites in Yosemite National Park. From 2016 to 2022, we monitored turtle populations in two sites where bullfrogs were present and two where they have been absent. We removed 12,317 bullfrogs, larvae, and whole egg masses from one site and 4067 from the other, reaching near complete eradication by 2019. We captured just large adult turtles where bullfrogs were present compared with all sizes where bullfrogs were absent. Prior to near complete eradication, juvenile turtles were only found with bullfrogs when they were recovered from bullfrog stomachs. Turtles at bullfrog present sites were 26–36 % larger and 76–97 % heavier than turtles from bullfrog absent sites. Turtle abundance and densities were also 2–100 times higher at bullfrog absent sites. We captured the first juvenile turtles at bullfrog present sites only after reaching near complete bullfrog eradication in 2019. Altogether, our study shows a prolonged lack of juvenile turtle recruitment where bullfrogs were present but offers hope that bullfrog control may succeed in recovering turtle populations by easing predation pressure on hatchlings and juveniles. Our results indicate that bullfrog eradication efforts may be necessary to ensure persistence of at-risk species like native turtles.