The characteristics of anhedonia in depression: a review from a clinically oriented perspective.

Anhedonia, as one of the core symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD), has been regarded as a potential endophenotype of the disease. Multiple studies have evaluated the potential mechanisms of anhedonia in MDD, and found that MDD patients with anhedonia showed different functions in clinical features. In this review, we focus on the clinical research to explore the differences between MDD patients with and without anhedonia in the clinical manifestations and biological alterations, and elaborate the treatments and prognosis of anhedonia. It is demonstrated that anhedonia is associated with adverse outcomes including more severe depressive episode and suicidality, and poor prognosis in patients with MDD. At the biological level, MDD patients with anhedonia seem to present higher levels of inflammatory factors, abnormal metabolic function and hypermetabolism of BDNF. In brain imaging studies, there are some structural and/ or functional changes in multiple brain regions of subcortical and cortical areas, as well as the limbic system in MDD patients with anhedonia. Meanwhile, preliminary research findings have also indicated that there are associations between intestinal flora imbalance and anhedonia. Moreover, evidence indicated the benefit of some selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors seemed limited on anhedonia, and other treatments including psychotherapy, physical therapy and probiotic interventions has remained to be explored but has interesting potential. Therefore, increased awareness of the anhedonic symptoms and the unique clinical features would benefit improved early diagnosis and therapeutic effects in MDD.