Anti-doping rules violations in modern Olympic games.

Background: Doping persists as a significant challenge in Olympic sports despite stringent anti-doping measures. This study investigates doping prevalence, including total cases, commonly affected sports, frequently used substances, and most implicated countries, in the Summer and Winter Olympics from 1968 to 2022. This study aims to analyze doping trends across the Olympic Games from 1968 to 2022, identify patterns in doping violations, and assess the impact of anti-doping policies and detection advancements on reducing doping prevalence. A retrospective analysis of anti-doping rules violations (ADRVs) was conducted using publicly available data from the International Olympic Committee and the International Testing Agency.

Methods: Data from the Summer and Winter Olympics, including the number of doping tests conducted, ADRVs recorded, and re-analysis outcomes, were examined. A focus was placed on key doping incidents from 2004 to 2012, the sports most affected, and the countries involved. The study also reviewed literature on the impact of anti-doping technologies, such as the athlete biological passport. Descriptive statistics were used to quantify doping trends, highlighting the number of tests, ADRVs, and revoked medals over time. Comparative analyses assessed the differences in doping prevalence across sports, countries, and time periods.

Results: From 1968 to 2020, the number of tests conducted at the Summer Olympics increased from 667 to 5,033, with 250 confirmed doping cases and 143 medals revoked due to ADRVs. In the Winter Olympics, testing increased from 86 tests in 1968 to 3,166 in 2022, with 52 confirmed doping cases and 14 medals revoked. Weightlifting and athletics were the most affected in the Summer Games, while cross-country skiing led in the Winter Games. Russia was the most implicated country, particularly during the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics. The introduction of retrospective testing identified a significant portion of violations, with 73 out of 82 cases in 2012 London discovered post-games.

Conclusions: Doping trends reveal the ongoing challenge of maintaining clean competition despite increased testing and policy enforcement. Retrospective testing has been critical in uncovering violations, underscoring the limitations of real-time detection. Continued investment in advanced detection methods, international collaboration, and enhanced education are essential to mitigating doping and preserving the integrity of the Olympic Games.