Non-specific inflammatory markers in remains from Ducové site (Slovakia): a bioarchaeological study of sinusitis in paranasal sinuses from the Late Bronze Age to Modern times

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of chronic sinusitis in an osteoarchaeological sample from the Kostolec cemetery in the Ducové village (Slovakia) dated from the Late Bronze Age (1250–1000 BC) to the Modern Age (mid 16th–mid 19th century AD). The skeletons of 1,746 individuals were examined: 13 from the Late Bronze Age (LBA), 28 from the Great Moravian Period (GM), 1,468 from the Medieval Period (M) and 237 from the Modern Age (MA). The prevalence of sinusitis was 11.11% in the LBA, 45.00% in the GM, 38.39% in the M, and 37.16% in the MA population. There were no significant differences between males and females. The hypothesis of an increasing prevalence of sinusitis with increasing age was confirmed in two populations (the M – p = 0.0001; the MA – p = 0.0038). This trend may be due to the longer exposure of older people to adverse external and internal environmental factors. In both adults and non-adults, the maxillary sinuses were the most frequently affected. The high prevalence of inflammation in the maxillary sinuses may be explained by the fact that they are mainly affected by nasal and also odontogenic infections, in contrast to inflammation in the frontal or sphenoidal sinuses, which are rare.