Wherefrom and Whither PD? Recent Developments and Future Possibilities in DSM-5 and ICD-11 Personality Disorder Diagnosis.

Purpose of review: Provide an overview of the Alternative DSM-5 model of Personality Disorder (AMPD) and ICD-11's PD diagnostic model; review the models' assessment measures and construct validity; describe the models' current and ongoing status.

Recent findings: The models have many content similarities but differ significantly in that maladaptive-range traits are an AMPD requirement, but optional specifiers in ICD-11. An extensive literature using the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) has yielded comprehensive reviews of its clinical utility and construct validity. Structural meta-analyses found three core facets for each of the five domains, and correlations with non-FFM measures identified 13 traits with maladaptive content not assessed by the PID-5. Joint analyses of AMPD personality-functioning measures find a clear general factor, but have raised concerns about discriminant validity among measures and with Criterion B. For both criteria, the multimethod assessment literature is sparce. Regarding ICD-11, few measures assess the required personality functioning, but one has shown promising construct validity. Multiple measures assess the optional trait specifiers, the most noteworthy of which was developed by an international group, exists in 12 languages, and assesses all six domains of the DSM-5 and ICD-11.

Conclusion: The status of the ongoing revision process for the AMPD is described. It seems likely-but far from guaranteed-to result in a dimensional model in the main DSM-5 section. The next step for the ICD-11 is development of a version with Research Diagnostic Criteria, but the timeline is unknown.