Recent Advancements in Nanoparticles-Based Approaches for the Theranostics of Glioblastoma Multiforme.

One of the deadliest and most challenging tumors in the body is Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). The Most aggressive kinds of brain tumors pose multiple challenges in their treatment due to several barriers (BBB and BCSF). Conventional treatments show poor efficacy in the treatment owing to poor penetrability through the blood-brain barrier and extreme toxicity in the brain. Moreover, the prognosis and diagnosis of GBM are critical, as they can lead to a fatal outcome.The current state-of-the-art review emphasizes the novel theranostic nanoparticles, which are significantly effective in treating the GBM. The most effective nanocarriers are lipid-based (Liposomes, Solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carrier, nanoemulsion), polymeric (polymeric micelles, dendrimers, quantum dots, exosomes, and hydrogels), metallic (Gold, Silver, Platinum), inorganic (iron oxide, mesoporous silica, copper oxide, boron oxide, Gadolinium, Selenium, and Zinc oxide NPs), carbon-based (Carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide) and others (protein-based NPs, Cubosomes, Polymersosomes). These nanoparticle-loaded antitumor agents show good penetration across the barriers and improve survival rates compared to conventional ones. Lipid-based nanoparticles are preferred for providing high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and sustained release action. Polymeric nanocarriers are preferred for facilitating long-acting therapy, and patient comfort, mostly for their biosensing features. Carbon-based nanomaterials are gaining interest for their theranostic action. The most promising outcomes in clinical practices are shown in Liposomes, PLGAbased NPs, Gold NPs, hydrogels, iron oxide NPs, albumin-based NPs, etc.