Aske Holm-Jensen, Evgenios Vlachos, Louise Kamuk Storm, Corrie Myburgh
{"title":"在肌肉骨骼运动损伤的背景下,一级、二级和三级预防定义的一致性:对常用术语的快速回顾和关键探索。","authors":"Aske Holm-Jensen, Evgenios Vlachos, Louise Kamuk Storm, Corrie Myburgh","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00823-y","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Formal statements articulating the meaning of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention concepts are commonly used in the musculoskeletal sports injuries literature, but appear to be employed inconsistently and incorrectly. Standard definitions, appropriate to athletic health and performance practice, are required to systematically develop the state-of-the-art. To accomplish this, we summarized prevention definitions with the aim of improving conceptual clarity across the musculoskeletal sports injuries literature.</p><p><strong>Main body: </strong>We used a rapid literature review method, searching Scopus, PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library reviews/trials, Web of Science, Sports Medicine and Education Index, SPORTDiscus and CINAHL databases for titles/abstracts for available literature, published in English from database-inception to November 2023. Our search terms were: sport/athlete, injury, primary prevention, secondary prevention, and/or tertiary prevention. Definitions were extracted to create categories illustrating overlap and variation. We extracted definitions from 144 included studies (n). Primary prevention appears focused on mitigating injury risk (n = 52) and preventing initial injuries (n = 42). Secondary prevention appears to address five distinct concepts: preventing recurrences (n = 42), preventing sequelae (n = 41), preventing index injury worsening (n = 27), mitigating injury risk (n = 15), and restoring function (n = 12). Tertiary prevention appears focused on preventing sequelae (n = 17) and restoring function (n = 9).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>From a definition viewpoint, the aim of primary prevention is narrowly conceptualized and consistent in the musculoskeletal sports injury research literature. However, secondary prevention definitions vary substantially, with at least three distinct conceptual aims observable. Tertiary prevention definitions appear infrequently in the literature and when observed tend to overlap with secondary prevention. Currently, researchers are likely to struggle with the formulation of clearly-defined and transferrable research questions relating to the aims of secondary prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":21788,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine - Open","volume":"11 1","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11920493/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"The Consistency of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Prevention Definitions in the Context of Musculoskeletal Sports Injuries: A Rapid Review and Critical Exploration of Common Terms of Usage.\",\"authors\":\"Aske Holm-Jensen, Evgenios Vlachos, Louise Kamuk Storm, Corrie Myburgh\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s40798-025-00823-y\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Formal statements articulating the meaning of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention concepts are commonly used in the musculoskeletal sports injuries literature, but appear to be employed inconsistently and incorrectly. Standard definitions, appropriate to athletic health and performance practice, are required to systematically develop the state-of-the-art. To accomplish this, we summarized prevention definitions with the aim of improving conceptual clarity across the musculoskeletal sports injuries literature.</p><p><strong>Main body: </strong>We used a rapid literature review method, searching Scopus, PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library reviews/trials, Web of Science, Sports Medicine and Education Index, SPORTDiscus and CINAHL databases for titles/abstracts for available literature, published in English from database-inception to November 2023. Our search terms were: sport/athlete, injury, primary prevention, secondary prevention, and/or tertiary prevention. Definitions were extracted to create categories illustrating overlap and variation. We extracted definitions from 144 included studies (n). Primary prevention appears focused on mitigating injury risk (n = 52) and preventing initial injuries (n = 42). Secondary prevention appears to address five distinct concepts: preventing recurrences (n = 42), preventing sequelae (n = 41), preventing index injury worsening (n = 27), mitigating injury risk (n = 15), and restoring function (n = 12). Tertiary prevention appears focused on preventing sequelae (n = 17) and restoring function (n = 9).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>From a definition viewpoint, the aim of primary prevention is narrowly conceptualized and consistent in the musculoskeletal sports injury research literature. However, secondary prevention definitions vary substantially, with at least three distinct conceptual aims observable. Tertiary prevention definitions appear infrequently in the literature and when observed tend to overlap with secondary prevention. Currently, researchers are likely to struggle with the formulation of clearly-defined and transferrable research questions relating to the aims of secondary prevention.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":21788,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Sports Medicine - Open\",\"volume\":\"11 1\",\"pages\":\"28\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":5.9000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-03-18\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11920493/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Sports Medicine - Open\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00823-y\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"SPORT SCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Sports Medicine - Open","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00823-y","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"SPORT SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
背景:阐述一级、二级和三级预防概念的正式陈述通常用于肌肉骨骼运动损伤文献,但似乎不一致和不正确地使用。标准的定义,适合运动健康和表现实践,需要系统地发展最先进的技术。为了实现这一点,我们总结了预防定义,目的是提高整个肌肉骨骼运动损伤文献的概念清晰度。正文:我们采用快速文献综述方法,检索Scopus、PubMed/Medline、Cochrane Library reviews/trials、Web of Science、Sports Medicine and Education Index、SPORTDiscus和CINAHL数据库,检索从数据库建立到2023年11月发表的英文文献的标题/摘要。我们的搜索词是:运动/运动员,损伤,一级预防,二级预防和/或三级预防。提取定义以创建说明重叠和变化的类别。我们从144项纳入的研究中提取了定义(n)。一级预防似乎侧重于减轻伤害风险(n = 52)和预防初始伤害(n = 42)。二级预防似乎解决了五个不同的概念:预防复发(n = 42),预防后遗症(n = 41),预防指数损伤恶化(n = 27),减轻损伤风险(n = 15),恢复功能(n = 12)。三级预防似乎侧重于预防后遗症(n = 17)和恢复功能(n = 9)。结论:从定义的角度来看,一级预防的目的在肌肉骨骼运动损伤研究文献中是狭窄的概念和一致的。然而,二级预防的定义差异很大,至少有三个不同的概念目标可观察到。三级预防的定义在文献中很少出现,并且在观察时往往与二级预防重叠。目前,研究人员可能在与二级预防目标相关的明确定义和可转移的研究问题的制定上挣扎。
The Consistency of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Prevention Definitions in the Context of Musculoskeletal Sports Injuries: A Rapid Review and Critical Exploration of Common Terms of Usage.
Background: Formal statements articulating the meaning of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention concepts are commonly used in the musculoskeletal sports injuries literature, but appear to be employed inconsistently and incorrectly. Standard definitions, appropriate to athletic health and performance practice, are required to systematically develop the state-of-the-art. To accomplish this, we summarized prevention definitions with the aim of improving conceptual clarity across the musculoskeletal sports injuries literature.
Main body: We used a rapid literature review method, searching Scopus, PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library reviews/trials, Web of Science, Sports Medicine and Education Index, SPORTDiscus and CINAHL databases for titles/abstracts for available literature, published in English from database-inception to November 2023. Our search terms were: sport/athlete, injury, primary prevention, secondary prevention, and/or tertiary prevention. Definitions were extracted to create categories illustrating overlap and variation. We extracted definitions from 144 included studies (n). Primary prevention appears focused on mitigating injury risk (n = 52) and preventing initial injuries (n = 42). Secondary prevention appears to address five distinct concepts: preventing recurrences (n = 42), preventing sequelae (n = 41), preventing index injury worsening (n = 27), mitigating injury risk (n = 15), and restoring function (n = 12). Tertiary prevention appears focused on preventing sequelae (n = 17) and restoring function (n = 9).
Conclusions: From a definition viewpoint, the aim of primary prevention is narrowly conceptualized and consistent in the musculoskeletal sports injury research literature. However, secondary prevention definitions vary substantially, with at least three distinct conceptual aims observable. Tertiary prevention definitions appear infrequently in the literature and when observed tend to overlap with secondary prevention. Currently, researchers are likely to struggle with the formulation of clearly-defined and transferrable research questions relating to the aims of secondary prevention.