Dynamic profiling of Cell-free DNA fragmentation uncovers postprandial metabolic and immune alterations.

Background: Food intake affects body homeostasis and significantly changes circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA). However, the source and elimination of postprandial cfDNA is difficult to trace, and it is unknown whether these changes can be revealed by cfDNA fragmentomics based on liquid biopsy.

Methods: We performed shallow whole-genome sequencing of 30 plasma samples from 10 healthy individuals at fasting and postprandial (30-min and 2-h time points). We assessed the effect of postprandial states on cfDNA fragment size distribution and utilized deconvolutional analysis of end motifs to determine the potential roles of DNA nucleases in cfDNA fragmentation. We correlated the fragmentation index (defined as the ratio of short-to-long fragments) with gene expression to estimate the relative contribution of various cellular and tissue sources to cfDNA.

Results: Compared to the fasting state, we observed a significant increase in short cfDNA fragments (70-150 bp) and a decrease in long fragments (151-250 bp) at the 30-minute postprandial state, followed by an inverse trend two hours later. Deconvolutional analysis of cfDNA end motifs showed that DNASE1L3 activity decreased at the 30-minute postprandial state, while DNASE1 and DFFB activities increased at the 2-hour postprandial state. We found that the expression of genes related to cellular metabolism and immune responses was upregulated at the postprandial state. Meanwhile, the contribution of cells and tissues involved in metabolic and immune progress to circulating plasma cfDNA was increased.

Conclusions: The fragmentation of cfDNA is considerably influenced by postprandial states, highlighting the significance of taking postprandial effects into account when evaluating cfDNA as a biomarker. Furthermore, our study reveals the potential application of cfDNA fragmentation features in monitoring metabolic and immune status changes.