Review on the Role of Electrofuels in Decarbonizing Hard-to-Abate Transportation Sectors: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions

The transition to sustainable energy systems necessitates efficient decarbonization strategies for hard-to-abate sectors. This review evaluates advancements in electrolysis and CO₂ capture technologies for electrofuel (e-fuel) production, focusing on their potential to enhance efficiency and scalability. Key findings reveal that recent innovations in catalyst design, synthesis chemistry, and process intensification have improved energy conversion efficiencies by up to 20% and reduced production costs by 30–40%. Techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) demonstrate that e-fuels can achieve carbon reductions of 70–90% compared to conventional fossil fuels, though their commercial viability hinges on further cost reductions to below $3/kg and robust policy support. Case studies of pilot projects underscore the feasibility of e-fuel integration in aviation, shipping, and long-haul trucking, but highlight challenges in scaling production to meet sectoral demand. Market analysis indicates that supportive regulatory frameworks and infrastructure investments are critical for adoption. In conclusion, while e-fuels offer a promising pathway for decarbonization, achieving widespread commercial deployment will require sustained technological advancements, cost reductions, and coordinated policy interventions.