Multivariant interfacial/ferroelectric/dipole polarization strengthened microwave-catalysis eradicates deep bacteria-infected osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis is a state of inflammation caused by pathogens with progressive bone destruction. In critical conditions, osteomyelitis can result in limb necrosis, dysfunction, and permanent disability. Traditional treatments for osteomyelitis usually include antibiotics and surgical debridement. However, overuse of antibiotics can result in bacterial resistance and serious side effects. In this paper, a microwave (MW)-responsive composite MoS₂/Bi₂S₃/BaTiO₃ was constructed from flaky nanoflower molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), rod-shaped bismuth sulfide (Bi₂S₃), and bulk barium titanate (BaTiO₃) for the ‌therapy of bacteria-infected osteomyelitis. Under MW irradiation, MoS₂/Bi₂S₃/BaTiO₃ could generate MW heat and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and its MW thermal response mechanism was investigated by MW vector analysis, which showed that the MW thermal response performance of MoS₂/Bi₂S₃/BaTiO₃ was devoted to the reflection loss, dielectric loss, and suitable impedance matching and attenuation constants induced by the interfacial polarization, dipole polarization, and ferroelectrode polarization. Under MW irradiation, due to strong electromagnetic field enhancement parameters and low oxygen adsorption energy, MoS₂/Bi₂S₃/BaTiO₃ could form a heterogeneous interface to accelerate charge transfer, resulting in ROS. The antibacterial mechanism of MoS₂/Bi₂S₃/BaTiO₃ was investigated by bacterial transcriptome RNA sequencing analysis, which indicated that MoS₂/Bi₂S₃/BaTiO₃ had excellent antibacterial properties.