Low-toxicity metal–organic frameworks: Sustainable solutions for versatile applications

The conventional synthesis of metal-organic framework (MOF) materials generates high amounts of waste solvents, which are directly associated with human and environmental issues. Developing green and affordable MOF materials is necessary since this strategy is based on methods that prioritize sustainability and minimize environmental impact. In this scenario, less toxic metals such as Zn, Zr, Al, and Fe can be applied in addition to linkers from renewable sources. This review discusses eco-friendly synthesis pathways, such as hydrothermal, mechanochemical, at room temperature, ionic liquid, and renewable resources. The current methodologies from specific low-toxicity MOF materials are highlighted. Applications include water treatment, sensing, drug delivery, catalysis, and gas storage, which are mentioned and examined. Interestingly, developing low-impact MOF materials as eco-friendly platforms for diverse applications can be a remarkable opportunity to achieve a sustainable future in the quality of the planet.