Enhanced Earth and Rockfill Dam Seepage Forecasting via an Integrated PLS-BO-BiLSTM Approach: A Novel Model Incorporating Lag Effects and Optimization Algorithms

Seepage significantly impacts the stability of earth and rockfill dams, making effective monitoring essential. This research introduces a novel PLS-BO-BiLSTM model that integrates Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) networks and Bayesian Optimization (BO). The model is further optimized using Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) to account for the lag effects of water depth and precipitation. The novelty of the model lies in its ability to effectively address multicollinearity while improving the prediction of nonlinear time-series data in complex seepage scenarios. Key results from multiple engineering case studies demonstrate the model’s high predictive accuracy (\({\textrm{R}}^{2} > 0.98\)), significantly reducing mean absolute errors and showing strong generalizability during sudden seepage events caused by heavy rainfall. These findings highlight the practical utility of the model for real-world dam safety monitoring.