Molecular mechanisms underlying plant responses to low phosphate stress and potential applications in crop improvement

Phosphorus is a critical nutrient for plant growth, influencing crop development and yield. However, the excessive reliance on phosphate fertilizers to address inorganic phosphate (Pi) deficiency is unsustainable. This review explores recent advances in understanding plant responses to Pi deficiency, focusing on the molecular mechanisms and genes involved. Key biological participants include Pi transporters, transcription factors, hormones, sugar signaling pathways, root exudates, and the complex interactions between Pi and other essential nutrients such as nitrogen, iron, and potassium. Furthermore, the role of microRNAs, lncRNAs, lipid remodeling, and genetic and epigenetic modifications are discussed. The review also highlights the potential of integrating phenomics, multi-omics approaches, gene editing, breeding strategies, and artificial intelligence to accelerate the development of Pi-efficient crops to meet the demands of a growing global population amidst dwindling Pi reserves.