The Alpha to Omega of Dialysis Access: Evaluation, Interventions, Innovations (Part 2).

Background: End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is a growing global health concern, significantly impacting patient morbidity and mortality, particularly among patients on hemodialysis. Vascular access remains a major challenge, often limiting the effectiveness of hemodialysis and requiring strategic planning to optimize outcomes. Purpose: This review examines the current evidence on vascular access for dialysis, with a focus on pre- and post-operative assessments, necessary interventions for complications, and innovations in vascular access materials and techniques. Research Design: This is a literature review analyzing existing studies, clinical trials and guidelines to evaluate the different vascular access options, interventions, and emerging technologies in dialysis access. Results: Findings highlight the importance of thorough preoperative assessment, including vascular imaging and patient-specific considerations, to optimize access placement. Postoperative assessments and early interventions are crucial in ensuring access longevity. Innovations such as drug-coated balloons, stent technologies, and biologically engineered grafts have improved patient outcomes and reduced complications. Conclusion: Strategic planning and advancements in vascular access technology play a critical role in improving dialysis efficiency and patient outcomes. Continued research and innovation are needed to refine vascular access techniques and address challenges associated with ESKD management.