Biosynthesis and biological activity of silver nanoparticles from Zanthoxylum acanthopodium fruits

Silver nanoparticles are silver particles at the nanoscale and have medicinal properties, one of which is antimicrobial. Plants are reducing agents that are highly recommended because they are environmentally friendly. This research aims to investigate the formation of silver nanoparticles mediated by Andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) with the help of microwave irradiation and look at the antibacterial activity. Silver nanoparticles display a maximum peak spectrum at 430 nm. The particle size results in the Particle Size Analyzer test were 55.67 nm, showing a cubic crystal structure carried out using X-ray diffraction testing. Testing with Transmission Electron Microscopy shows an internal morphology size of 20.62 ± 10.93 nm and an external morphology size of 73.07 ± 17.90 nm with a round shape tested with Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results of the zeta potential test were obtained with a charge of -0.6 mV. Andaliman silver nanoparticles had strong Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values for all test bacterial isolates with MIC values in the range of 1.9–7.8 µg/mL and MBC values in the range of 3.9–15.6 µg/mL.. Also showed potential in inhibiting biofilm formation (2 MIC) and cell leakage of DNA (4 MIC) and protein (4 MIC) in all tested bacterial isolates. This phenomenon shows that Andaliman fruit can help reduce silver ions into silver nanoparticles, which have proven successful in antibacterial and antibiofilm testing and preventing cell DNA and protein leakage by showing great potential as a multifunctional antimicrobial agent. In the future, Andaliman silver nanoparticles have the potential to be further developed as an antibacterial alternative in the face of antibiotic resistance, as well as optimized in various medical, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications.