Francesco Certo, Giulia Salvucci, Chiara Casellato, Chiara Gambini, Gaia Donata Oggioni, Tommaso Bocci, Alberto Priori
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Non-nystagmus hyperkinetic eye movement disorders.
Background: While nystagmus is an involuntary ocular movement relatively frequent, well described, and easily recognized by most practitioners, non-nystagmus hyperkinetic eye movement disorders (NHEMD) are less obvious and can be overlooked. NHEMD may arise from intrinsic abnormalities in ocular muscles and oculomotor nerves, brain and brainstem lesions, systemic diseases, dysimmune disorders, drugs or can even be functional in nature. Given that some treatable disorders initially manifest with NHEMD, their knowledge becomes crucial.
Aims: This review aims to offer a practical and comprehensive guide to recognize specific types of NHEMD, to choose the appropriate diagnostic tests and treatments.
Results: The review approaches individual NHEMD based on the location of anatomical lesions and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms; therefore, it begins with those arising from abnormalities in extraocular muscles or oculomotor nerves (as for example, superior oblique myokymia and ocular neuromyotonia), then moves to NHEMD due to brainstem and brain involvement (as for example, ocular bobbing, opsoclonus, and tonic downward gaze deviation). Lastly, functional NHEMD and nonnystagmus ocular hyperkinesias associated with specific neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease or blepharospasm will be considered.
Conclusion: Overall, the review offers a comprehensive reappraisal of hyperkinetic disorders of eye motility.
期刊介绍：
Neurological Sciences is intended to provide a medium for the communication of results and ideas in the field of neuroscience. The journal welcomes contributions in both the basic and clinical aspects of the neurosciences. The official language of the journal is English. Reports are published in the form of original articles, short communications, editorials, reviews and letters to the editor. Original articles present the results of experimental or clinical studies in the neurosciences, while short communications are succinct reports permitting the rapid publication of novel results. Original contributions may be submitted for the special sections History of Neurology, Health Care and Neurological Digressions - a forum for cultural topics related to the neurosciences. The journal also publishes correspondence book reviews, meeting reports and announcements.
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