{"title":"天然裂缝性储层地下储氢:缓冲气选择的矩阵尺度模型","authors":"Goran Shirzad , Amin Shirkhani , Siamak Hoseinzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.052","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen is a key zero-carbon fuel for the future, but seasonal fluctuations in production and energy demand require effective storage solutions. Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in naturally fractured reservoirs (NFRs), such as depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, is a promising approach due to their proven ability to keep fluids securely. This study simulates UHS using a single matrix block (SMB) model to explore hydrogen storage in gas and water-invaded parts of an NFR, with and without the use of cushion gases (CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>). Cushion gases provide pressure support during hydrogen withdrawal and prevent direct contact between hydrogen and reservoir fluids. The results reveal that 150 m<sup>3</sup> and 65 m<sup>3</sup> of hydrogen can be stored in a gas and water-invaded SMB, respectively, without cushion gas. The use of CO<sub>2</sub> as a cushion gas in water invaded zone resulted in a three-fold increase in hydrogen storage capacity. In contrast, in gas invaded zone, hydrogen storage capacity decreased by 12–18%, depending on the type of cushion gas used. Cushion gases also reduce hydrogen dissolution in liquids, which contributes to hydrogen loss. CH<sub>4</sub> was the most effective in reducing hydrogen loss, lowering it from 11.61 m<sup>3</sup> to 8.64 m<sup>3</sup> in gas-invaded SMB and from 23.73 m<sup>3</sup> to 18.68 m<sup>3</sup> in water-invaded SMB. These findings indicate that while cushion gases may be optional in high-pressure gas-dominated formations, they are essential for efficient UHS in aquifers and liquid-saturated reservoirs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"116 ","pages":"Pages 266-278"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Underground hydrogen storage in naturally fractured reservoirs: Matrix scale modeling for cushion gas selection\",\"authors\":\"Goran Shirzad , Amin Shirkhani , Siamak Hoseinzadeh\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.052\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>Hydrogen is a key zero-carbon fuel for the future, but seasonal fluctuations in production and energy demand require effective storage solutions. Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in naturally fractured reservoirs (NFRs), such as depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, is a promising approach due to their proven ability to keep fluids securely. This study simulates UHS using a single matrix block (SMB) model to explore hydrogen storage in gas and water-invaded parts of an NFR, with and without the use of cushion gases (CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>). Cushion gases provide pressure support during hydrogen withdrawal and prevent direct contact between hydrogen and reservoir fluids. The results reveal that 150 m<sup>3</sup> and 65 m<sup>3</sup> of hydrogen can be stored in a gas and water-invaded SMB, respectively, without cushion gas. The use of CO<sub>2</sub> as a cushion gas in water invaded zone resulted in a three-fold increase in hydrogen storage capacity. In contrast, in gas invaded zone, hydrogen storage capacity decreased by 12–18%, depending on the type of cushion gas used. Cushion gases also reduce hydrogen dissolution in liquids, which contributes to hydrogen loss. CH<sub>4</sub> was the most effective in reducing hydrogen loss, lowering it from 11.61 m<sup>3</sup> to 8.64 m<sup>3</sup> in gas-invaded SMB and from 23.73 m<sup>3</sup> to 18.68 m<sup>3</sup> in water-invaded SMB. These findings indicate that while cushion gases may be optional in high-pressure gas-dominated formations, they are essential for efficient UHS in aquifers and liquid-saturated reservoirs.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":337,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy\",\"volume\":\"116 \",\"pages\":\"Pages 266-278\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":8.3000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-03-13\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"5\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319925011383\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"工程技术\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319925011383","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
Underground hydrogen storage in naturally fractured reservoirs: Matrix scale modeling for cushion gas selection
Hydrogen is a key zero-carbon fuel for the future, but seasonal fluctuations in production and energy demand require effective storage solutions. Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in naturally fractured reservoirs (NFRs), such as depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, is a promising approach due to their proven ability to keep fluids securely. This study simulates UHS using a single matrix block (SMB) model to explore hydrogen storage in gas and water-invaded parts of an NFR, with and without the use of cushion gases (CO2, CH4, N2). Cushion gases provide pressure support during hydrogen withdrawal and prevent direct contact between hydrogen and reservoir fluids. The results reveal that 150 m3 and 65 m3 of hydrogen can be stored in a gas and water-invaded SMB, respectively, without cushion gas. The use of CO2 as a cushion gas in water invaded zone resulted in a three-fold increase in hydrogen storage capacity. In contrast, in gas invaded zone, hydrogen storage capacity decreased by 12–18%, depending on the type of cushion gas used. Cushion gases also reduce hydrogen dissolution in liquids, which contributes to hydrogen loss. CH4 was the most effective in reducing hydrogen loss, lowering it from 11.61 m3 to 8.64 m3 in gas-invaded SMB and from 23.73 m3 to 18.68 m3 in water-invaded SMB. These findings indicate that while cushion gases may be optional in high-pressure gas-dominated formations, they are essential for efficient UHS in aquifers and liquid-saturated reservoirs.
期刊介绍:
The objective of the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy is to facilitate the exchange of new ideas, technological advancements, and research findings in the field of Hydrogen Energy among scientists and engineers worldwide. This journal showcases original research, both analytical and experimental, covering various aspects of Hydrogen Energy. These include production, storage, transmission, utilization, enabling technologies, environmental impact, economic considerations, and global perspectives on hydrogen and its carriers such as NH3, CH4, alcohols, etc.
The utilization aspect encompasses various methods such as thermochemical (combustion), photochemical, electrochemical (fuel cells), and nuclear conversion of hydrogen, hydrogen isotopes, and hydrogen carriers into thermal, mechanical, and electrical energies. The applications of these energies can be found in transportation (including aerospace), industrial, commercial, and residential sectors.