A critical review of opportunities and challenges of solid waste management in an emerging economy- evidence from Pakistan

A substantial rise in solid waste (SW) generation coincides with socioeconomic development, making solid waste management (SWM) a growing wicked challenge for developing country like Pakistan. The SWM is marked by systemic inefficiencies and significant ecological dangers, is a significant socio-economic concern in Pakistan. With huge amount of waste improperly disposed of in open fields, waterways, and roadsides, the country faces significant environmental and public health threats. This comprehensive review examines the current state of SWM in Pakistan, such as open dumping and landfilling. Analyzing the multidimensional barriers to successful waste SWM and discovering potential strategic interventions. The research shows that Pakistan's SWM is fundamentally inhibited by inadequate legislative frameworks, narrow political commitment, minimal public awareness, and insufficient technological infrastructure. Despite the considerable potential of solid waste as a resource for energy generation and recycling, current practices remain predominantly linear and unsustainable. Key systemic challenges include outdated regulations, financial limitations, and a lack of coordinated stakeholder engagement across municipal, private, public, and informal sectors. The study identifies critical determinants of effective SWM, emphasizing the importance of employment generation, local governance, public-private partnerships, and technological integration. These factors are intrinsically linked to achieving sustainable development goals. The analysis suggests that comprehensive policy reforms, including supportive investment frameworks, educational initiatives, financial incentives, and strict waste disposal regulations, are essential for transforming SWM network. Finally, it emphasizes the need for improved public participation and government commitment to transition towards a circular economy and substantial potential for generating greener energy from waste, which could be harnessed through better planning and investment.