Implication of ribosomal protein in abiotic and biotic stress.

Main conclusion: This review article explores the intricate role, and regulation of ribosomal protein in response to stress, particularly emphasizing their pivotal role to ameliorate abiotic and biotic stress conditions in crop plants. Plants must coordinate ribosomes production to balance cellular protein synthesis in response to environmental variations and pathogens invasion. Over the past decade, research has revealed ribosome subgroups respond to adverse conditions, suggesting that this tight coordination may be grounded in the induction of ribosome variants resulting in differential translation outcomes. Furthermore, an increasing snumber of studies on plant ribosomes have made it possible to explore the stress-regulated expression pattern of ribosomal protein large subunit (RPL) and ribosomal protein small subunit (RPS) genes. In this perspective, we reviewed the literature linking ribosome heterogeneity to plants' abiotic and biotic stress responses to offer an overview on the expression and biological function of ribosomal components including specialized translation of individual transcripts and its implications for the regulation and expression of important gene regulatory networks, along with phenotypic analysis in ribosomal gene mutations in physiologic and pathologic processes. We also highlight recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms behind the transcriptional regulation of ribosomal genes linked to stress events. This review may serve as the foundation of novel strategies to customize cultivars tolerant to challenging environments without the yield penalty.