Multiplexed engineering of cytochrome P450 enzymes for promoting terpenoid synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell factories: A review

Terpenoids, also known as isoprenoids, represent the largest and most structurally diverse family of natural products, and their biosynthesis is closely related to cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s). Given the limitations of direct extraction from natural resources, such as low productivity and environmental concerns, heterologous expression of P450s in microbial cell factories has emerged as a promising, efficient, and sustainable strategy for terpenoid production. The yeast expression system is a preferred selection for terpenoid synthesis because of its inner membrane system, which is required for eukaryotic P450 expression, and the inherent mevalonate pathway providing precursors for terpenoid synthesis. In this review, we discuss the advanced strategies used to enhance the local enzyme concentration and catalytic properties of P450s in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with a focus on recent developments in metabolic and protein engineering. Expression enhancement and subcellular compartmentalization are specifically employed to increase the local enzyme concentration, whereas cofactor, redox partner, and enzyme engineering are utilized to improve the catalytic efficiency and substrate specificity of P450s. Subsequently, we discuss the application of P450s for the pathway engineering of terpenoid synthesis and whole-cell biotransformation, which are profitable for the industrial application of P450s in S. cerevisiae chassis. Finally, we explore the potential of using computational and artificial intelligence technologies to rationally design and construct high-performance cell factories, which offer promising pathways for future terpenoid biosynthesis.