Changes in word order do not eliminate the collocation advantage: An eye-tracking study of L1 and L2 speakers

Collocations, defined as sequences of frequently co-occurring words, show a processing advantage over novel word combinations in both L1 and L2 speakers. This collocation advantage is mainly observed for canonical configurations (e.g., provide information), but collocations can also occur in variation configurations (e.g., provide some of the information). Variation collocations still show a processing advantage in L1 speakers, but generally not in L2 speakers. The present eye-tracking-while-reading experiment investigated word order variation by passivising collocations (e.g., information was provided) in L1 and advanced L2 speakers of English. Altering word order did not eliminate the collocation advantage in either L1 or L2 speakers. The collocation effect was independent of contextual predictability and modulated by L2 proficiency. Results support the view that collocations are stored and retrieved via semantic representation rather than as holistic form chunks and that collocation processing does not qualitatively differ between L1 and advanced L2 speakers.