Zubair Ahmed Khoso, Moshina Noor Ibrahim, Versha Rani Rai, Maira Riaz, Taj Muhammad Laghari, Israr Ahmed
{"title":"儿童和青少年1型糖尿病视网膜病变的发病率及其与HbA1c的关系","authors":"Zubair Ahmed Khoso, Moshina Noor Ibrahim, Versha Rani Rai, Maira Riaz, Taj Muhammad Laghari, Israr Ahmed","doi":"10.29271/jcpsp.2025.03.282","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the frequency of diabetic retinopathy and its association with HbA1c in children and adolescents having Type-I Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM).</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Analytical, cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Institute of Child Health, Karachi, Pakistan, from October 2023 to March 2024.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Children aged between 5-18 years having known T1DM were analysed. Children who had record of HbA1c for the last one year (4 HbA1c readings, three months apart) were enrolled. HbA1c was categorised as good (<7%), fine (7-10%), and poor (>10%). Patients were referred to ophthalmologists with more than five years of disease screening experience for diabetic retinopathy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 137 patients, 79 (57.7%) were females. The mean age and age at the time of diagnosis were 13.42 ± 2.48 years and 7.42 ± 3.60 years. The mean of last one-year HbA1c (4 separate readings, three months apart) was 10.44 ± 2.50%. The glycaemic control was found to be good, fine, and poor based on the mean of the last one-year in 6 (4.4%), 63 (46.0%), and 68 (49.6%) patients, respectively. Diabetic retinopathy was diagnosed among 30 (21.9%) patients. The comparison of mean HbA1c levels between various diabetic retinopathy classifications showed the statistically significant relationship of higher HbA1c levels with diabetic retinopathy (p = 0.011).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The frequency of diabetic retinopathy was high (21.9%) among children and adolescents with T1DM. Higher HbA1c levels were significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy, highlighting the critical role of glycaemic management in preventing retinal complications.</p><p><strong>Key words: </strong>Children, Adolescents, Diabetic retinopathy, HbA1c, Type-I diabetes mellitus.</p>","PeriodicalId":94116,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP","volume":"35 3","pages":"282-286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Frequency of Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Association with HbA1c in Children and Adolescents with Type-I Diabetes Mellitus.\",\"authors\":\"Zubair Ahmed Khoso, Moshina Noor Ibrahim, Versha Rani Rai, Maira Riaz, Taj Muhammad Laghari, Israr Ahmed\",\"doi\":\"10.29271/jcpsp.2025.03.282\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the frequency of diabetic retinopathy and its association with HbA1c in children and adolescents having Type-I Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM).</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Analytical, cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Institute of Child Health, Karachi, Pakistan, from October 2023 to March 2024.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Children aged between 5-18 years having known T1DM were analysed. Children who had record of HbA1c for the last one year (4 HbA1c readings, three months apart) were enrolled. HbA1c was categorised as good (<7%), fine (7-10%), and poor (>10%). Patients were referred to ophthalmologists with more than five years of disease screening experience for diabetic retinopathy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 137 patients, 79 (57.7%) were females. The mean age and age at the time of diagnosis were 13.42 ± 2.48 years and 7.42 ± 3.60 years. The mean of last one-year HbA1c (4 separate readings, three months apart) was 10.44 ± 2.50%. The glycaemic control was found to be good, fine, and poor based on the mean of the last one-year in 6 (4.4%), 63 (46.0%), and 68 (49.6%) patients, respectively. Diabetic retinopathy was diagnosed among 30 (21.9%) patients. The comparison of mean HbA1c levels between various diabetic retinopathy classifications showed the statistically significant relationship of higher HbA1c levels with diabetic retinopathy (p = 0.011).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The frequency of diabetic retinopathy was high (21.9%) among children and adolescents with T1DM. Higher HbA1c levels were significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy, highlighting the critical role of glycaemic management in preventing retinal complications.</p><p><strong>Key words: </strong>Children, Adolescents, Diabetic retinopathy, HbA1c, Type-I diabetes mellitus.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":94116,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP\",\"volume\":\"35 3\",\"pages\":\"282-286\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-03-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.29271/jcpsp.2025.03.282\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.29271/jcpsp.2025.03.282","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
Frequency of Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Association with HbA1c in Children and Adolescents with Type-I Diabetes Mellitus.
Objective: To determine the frequency of diabetic retinopathy and its association with HbA1c in children and adolescents having Type-I Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM).
Study design: Analytical, cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Institute of Child Health, Karachi, Pakistan, from October 2023 to March 2024.
Methodology: Children aged between 5-18 years having known T1DM were analysed. Children who had record of HbA1c for the last one year (4 HbA1c readings, three months apart) were enrolled. HbA1c was categorised as good (<7%), fine (7-10%), and poor (>10%). Patients were referred to ophthalmologists with more than five years of disease screening experience for diabetic retinopathy.
Results: In 137 patients, 79 (57.7%) were females. The mean age and age at the time of diagnosis were 13.42 ± 2.48 years and 7.42 ± 3.60 years. The mean of last one-year HbA1c (4 separate readings, three months apart) was 10.44 ± 2.50%. The glycaemic control was found to be good, fine, and poor based on the mean of the last one-year in 6 (4.4%), 63 (46.0%), and 68 (49.6%) patients, respectively. Diabetic retinopathy was diagnosed among 30 (21.9%) patients. The comparison of mean HbA1c levels between various diabetic retinopathy classifications showed the statistically significant relationship of higher HbA1c levels with diabetic retinopathy (p = 0.011).
Conclusion: The frequency of diabetic retinopathy was high (21.9%) among children and adolescents with T1DM. Higher HbA1c levels were significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy, highlighting the critical role of glycaemic management in preventing retinal complications.
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