Prevalence and risk factors related to the mastitis in camels (Oued Souf, Algeria).

A cross-sectional study in Oued Souf, Algeria, from November 2023 to April 2024, investigated the prevalence and risk factors of mastitis in 300 she-camels, including 180 lactating camels. The overall mastitis prevalence was 31.10%, with 3.88% clinical and 27.22% subclinical cases, diagnosed through visual exams and the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Among 670 teats, the right hind quarter had the highest infection rate (15.47%), followed by the left hind (11.97%), right front (9.58%), and left front (8.38%) quarters. The highest mastitis prevalence (5.41%) was observed during early lactation. Bacteria isolated included Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and E. coli, with staphylococci common in both clinical and subclinical cases. Antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed significant multi-drug resistance, particularly against oxacillin (19.5%) and oxytetracycline. Penicillin was the most effective treatment, with high susceptibility, while streptomycin and oxacillin were secondary options.The study also highlighted poor hygiene practices among camel owners: 93.33% did not wash udders or teats before milking, 90% did not wash hands, and none used disinfectants. Risk factors for mastitis included parity, lactation stage, age, and tick infestation. Poor hygiene practices were significantly associated with an increase in mastitis prevalence (P < 0.05). The study concludes that improved hygiene and management practices are essential to reduce mastitis in camels.