Prophylactic vaccines against HPV-caused cervical cancer: novel vaccines are still demanded.

Several high-risk types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with cervical cancer and other malignancies. Despite the tremendous success of marketed prophylactic HPV vaccines for the past 18 years, cervical cancer remains a significant global challenge. A nearly 10% increase in new cervical cancer cases worldwide from 2020 to 2022 underscores the urgent need for enhanced vaccination efforts. Current HPV vaccines, including Cervarix®, Gardasil®, Gardasil®9, Cecolin®, and Walrinvax® utilize VLP (virus-like particle) structures and have demonstrated significant efficacy. However, challenges such as type-limited coverage, cold-chain requirements, and affordability emphasize the critical need for further research and development of novel HPV vaccines. Some investigational vaccines, for instance, those using VLPs to carry protective antigens with broader coverage across different viral types, show promise for the future of cervical cancer prevention. Realizing this hope and making further progress still depend on the dedication and innovation of the scientists and authorities involved. This review focuses on both approved and investigational preventive vaccines, including also those designed for simultaneous prevention and therapy. Clinical trials are briefly reviewed, and potential strategies to advance vaccination against HPV-induced cervical cancer are summarized. This review emphasizes approaches that require further investigation in the future.