Advancements in Carbon-Based Materials for Enhanced Carbon Dioxide Capture and Conversion: A Comprehensive Review

The rising levels of atmospheric CO₂ owing to human activities have intensified the need for efficient CO₂ capture and conversion technologies. Carbon-based materials with tunable properties and versatility have emerged as promising candidates for addressing this global challenge. This comprehensive review focuses on the recent advancements in carbon-based materials, including graphene, carbon nanotubes, activated carbon, and biochar, for enhanced CO₂ capture and conversion applications. We explored the structural and chemical modifications of these materials to improve their adsorption capacity, selectivity, and stability under operational conditions. This review describes the technologies, methods, and mechanisms used for CO₂ capture and fixation. In addition, we review the synthesis methods for various amines and carbonaceous materials (CMs) to highlight the recent progress in CMs used for CO₂ adsorption and fixation. We also discuss the amine functionalization of CMs to improve their CO₂ capture and fixation capacities. This review also highlights the challenges related to scalability, economic feasibility, and environmental impacts while identifying future research directions aimed at optimizing the performance and sustainability of carbon-based materials in real-world applications. Through this detailed analysis, we provide critical insight into how carbon-based materials can contribute to climate change mitigation by integrating CO₂ capture and conversion strategies.