Exploring the impact of microplastics in groundwater on human health: A comprehensive review

The increasing presence of microplastics (MP) in drinking water worldwide has highlighted its potential adverse health effects and the need to summarize existing data to assess knowledge gaps. In this review, thirteen studies on microplastics in groundwater were methodically analyzed. Concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 6832 particles per microliter were found, mainly in open and drilled wells, containing the common polymers PVC, PET, PE, PA and PS. Most studies focus on Europe and North America, suggesting a geographical bias. This report calls for further research in underrepresented regions such as Asia, Africa and South America and highlights the need for standardized sampling methods. It suggests expanding research to better understand MP pollution levels, sources and public health impacts, particularly in groundwater near urban and industrial areas. Improvements in ecological assessment models are also advocated to improve understanding of MPs impacts of MP on ecosystems and groundwater quality to support the development of effective management strategies.