Advances in technology for seed germination of bamboo species

Bamboo, renowned for its sustainability and versatility, is increasingly recognized as a critical resource for both economic development and ecological restoration. However, its cultivation faces significant challenges, particularly in the early stages of seed germination and seedling establishment. These stages are crucial for ensuring the successful propagation and viability of bamboo plantations. Recent technological advancements in biotechnology and environmental management have introduced innovative methods to enhance bamboo seed germination rates and improve seedling establishment, paving the way for more efficient bamboo cultivation practices. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of these advances, focusing on various bamboo species and the techniques developed to address the limitations associated with early growth stages. We systematically compile and evaluate current methodologies and identify the effective technologies in different environmental contexts. We also aim to contribute to the ongoing efforts toward sustainable bamboo cultivation. We identify critical knowledge gaps and suggests directions for future studies, while offering valuable insights for researchers, practitioners and policymakers involved in the sustainable development of bamboo resources. Ultimately, we underscore the role of technological innovation in supporting the growing global demand for bamboo products and in promoting sustainable environmental practices.