Unlocking the Potential of Rare Earth-Doped Down-Conversion Materials for Enhanced Solar Cell Performance and Durability

Solar energy, as a renewable resource, offers an excellent solution to the increasing global energy demand. Solar cells convert solar energy into electricity, prompting extensive research in this field in recent years. However, enhancing solar cell efficiency presents several challenges. Currently, solar cells can only utilize a limited portion of the solar spectrum, as most UV and infrared light remain unabsorbed. Additionally, UV light can compromise the stability of solar cells. Therefore, optimizing the utilization of solar photons across the spectrum is essential for improving both the efficiency and stability of these devices. Down-conversion (DC) technology, also known as quantum cutting, effectively enhances the spectral absorption of solar cells, thereby increasing their efficiency and stability. Rare earth ions, with their unique electronic configurations and optical properties, are pivotal in DC research related to solar cells. This review discusses the principles of DC technology and the synthesis of DC materials, emphasizing the application of rare earth-based DC materials in enhancing the efficiency and stability of various types of solar cells and their role in modifying the solar spectrum.