Impact of Bio-based and Synthetic Phosphorus Application on Growth, Yield, and Protein Profile of Two Chickpea Genotypes

Chickpeas play an important role in global protein production; However, this crop faces limitations primarily due to low soil phosphorus levels. Various methods are being implemented to address this challenge and improve phosphorus availability. Therefore, this research aimed to apply both bio-based and synthetic phosphorus to enhance its availability in two chickpea genotype crops. Subsequently, this experiment aimed to identify the superior genotype and evaluate the impact of Bacillus megaterium (BM) bacterium inoculation and phosphorus applications on chickpea growth, yield, protein content, and elemental composition. Regarding genotypes, Hazarmerd exhibited superior attributes when compared to Nainawa. Furthermore, BM inoculation positively influenced yield characteristics, including pod number, 100-seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, and harvest index, as well as phosphorus composition. Additionally, applying 40 kg/ha of phosphorus significantly affected pod weight, seed number, protein content, and nitrogen levels. Interestingly, BM exhibited a similar trend in protein content, and nitrogen levels were affected when compared to applying phosphorus at 40 kg/ha. However, 80 kg/ha of phosphorus has a minor effect on many characteristics. Hazarmerd treated with BM inoculum positively influenced various variables. This study provides valuable insights for farmers to adopt a sustainable approach, enhancing the quality and yield of crops in the field through cost-effective conventional methods.