Multi stage proportional integral * (1+proportional integral derivative) controller for energy management in EV

Energy management in electric vehicles (EV) is important for maintaining vehicle efficiency, driving range and overall performance. In order to reduce the dependency on the grid and cost-effectiveness, EV technology uses renewable sources for battery charging. The consistent and reliable charging of EVs using renewable systems is complicated, resulting in low motor efficiency. To improve the efficiency of EV, it is necessary to manage the battery energy by governing the state of charge (SOC). Hence, this paper proposes an energy management scheme for EVs that ensures improved battery and EV motor performance. For the varied operating speed of the motor, the SOC of the battery is maintained by a multi-stage proportional integral * (1 + proportional integral derivative) controller. The controller uses the voltages from EVs, renewable sources, and batteries to have optimal control of the battery energy management system. As a result, the proposed method improves the efficiency to 2.12 % compared to voltage loop control at 1500 rpm. Also, it has the highest efficiency of 95.2 % at 4000 rpm