通过基于阴离子交换（AIX）、粉末活性炭（PAC）、氯化铁（III）和纳滤（NF）膜的技术去除不同类型水中的全氟烷基物质（PFAS）--系统比较

IF 8.2 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Science of the Total Environment Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179004

Lutz Ahrens , Sandra Lundgren , Philip McCleaf , Stephan Köhler

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Removal of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from different water types by techniques based on anion exchange (AIX), powdered activated carbon (PAC), iron(III) chloride and nanofiltration (NF) membrane – A systematic comparison

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Presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater and surface water used for drinking water production is a major concern, due to possible adverse effects of PFAS on human health. Stricter guidelines on PFAS levels in drinking water currently being implemented on global scale typically require use of advanced techniques for water treatment. The aim of this study was to systematically compare four different treatment techniques for removal of PFAS and to evaluate the impact of water type on the removal efficiency. We hypothesized that the water type has a significant influence on the removal efficiency for the tested treatment techniques. The four different treatment techniques included i) anion exchange (AIX) MIEX®, ii) powdered activated carbon (PAC), iii) coagulation with ferric chloride (FeCl₃), and iv) nanofiltration (NF) membrane. Mean ∑PFAS removal was found to be highest for NF membrane (48 ± 7.6 %), followed by AIX (30 ± 7.7 %), PAC (18 ± 3.7 %) and FeCl₃ (8.8 ± 8.9 %). For NF membrane, observed removal efficiency of PFAS was best described by a sigmoid curve centred around 400 Da, with low removal (25–35 %) of low-molecular-weight PFAS (<400 Da) and higher removal (47–75 %) of PFAS with greater molecular weight (>400 Da). For AIX and PAC, PFAS removal depended on perfluorocarbon chain length and functional group, e.g. mean ∑PFAS removal efficiency significantly increased (p < 0.05) from 12 % using a PAC dose of 20 mg L⁻¹ to 46 % using a PAC dose of 100 mg L⁻¹. Significant correlations were observed between removal of individual PFAS and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal and DOC characterisation parameters (specific ultra-violet absorbance (SUVA), humification index (HIX), freshness index (FI), absorbance at 254 nm (UV254)). This illustrates the importance of considering DOC characteristics and their seasonal variations when choosing PFAS removal technique and indicates potential of these parameters as predictors of PFAS removal efficiency.

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来源期刊

Science of the Total Environment 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

17.60

自引率

10.20%

发文量

8726

审稿时长

2.4 months

期刊介绍： The Science of the Total Environment is an international journal dedicated to scientific research on the environment and its interaction with humanity. It covers a wide range of disciplines and seeks to publish innovative, hypothesis-driven, and impactful research that explores the entire environment, including the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and anthroposphere. The journal's updated Aims & Scope emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary environmental research with broad impact. Priority is given to studies that advance fundamental understanding and explore the interconnectedness of multiple environmental spheres. Field studies are preferred, while laboratory experiments must demonstrate significant methodological advancements or mechanistic insights with direct relevance to the environment.