The evolution of equity in offshore renewable energy: A systematic literature review

Offshore renewable energy (ORE) projects are becoming a promising solution in transitioning to cleaner energy, but there are important questions regarding the governance and policy goals of such projects, particularly given frequent opposition from local communities who do not believe these projects lead to equitable benefits. This study explores the relationship between ORE and equity, analyzing how the concept of equity has been conceptualized over the last two decades. A systematic review of this scholarship shows that research from various disciplines has investigated and narrowed the broad concept of equity to a few core considerations, but these have not yet been specifically integrated to inform ORE. These equity considerations have so far evolved through three stages. First, the initial focus was on the cause-and-effect relationships between public perception, conflicts, and acceptance, showing that divergent stakeholder perceptions of ORE can lead to social conflicts, and consequently, low public acceptance. This highlights the importance of recognitional justice to ensure that all stakeholder perspectives are acknowledged and valued. The second stage sheds light on public engagement as a potential solution for converging different attitudes towards ORE. The third stage introduced the concept of energy justice into ORE equity studies, emphasizing the need for equal consideration of energy justice principles. Based on this, we recommend that research and development in ORE adopt a context-appropriate definition of equity and use transdisciplinary methods to facilitate collaboration and integration on unique local social, economic, and ecological conditions. In addition, future research should strive for flexible ORE processes that encompass all principles of energy justice and minimize negative trade-offs by prioritizing local goals. These strategies aim to ensure ORE projects are developed with a strong emphasis on equity and justice that can enable a transition to cleaner energy while respecting local goals and redressing past injustice.