Flexible wearable electronics for enhanced human-computer interaction and virtual reality applications

Flexible wearable electronics, inspired by human sensory systems, are revolutionizing human–computer interaction (HCI) and virtual reality (VR) technologies. By integrating advanced materials such as graphene, MXenes, piezoelectric polymers, and hydrogels with intelligent architectures, these systems provide high sensitivity, flexibility, and multifunctionality. Recent innovations in structural design, including stretchable, self-healing, and multilayered architectures, enable seamless data acquisition and adaptive interaction in real-time applications. Advanced AI integration improves these systems by facilitating precise motion tracking, multimodal signal processing, and dynamic feedback, transforming immersive experiences in gaming, healthcare, and robotics. However, challenges such as material stability, energy efficiency, and data privacy persist, necessitating novel solutions such as scalable manufacturing techniques, sustainable materials, and privacy-preserving frameworks. This review highlights the convergence of flexible electronics, advanced materials, and AI-driven sensing technologies, offering a roadmap for the next generation of wearable HCI systems. By addressing current limitations, these innovations promise to redefine how users interact with both the digital and physical worlds, paving the way for smarter and more intuitive interactions in diverse applications.