Translational paradigm in nanodiagnostics applications of functionalized zinc oxide nanoforms interface for pathogenic virus diagnostics

The frequent emergence of viral infectious diseases and their acute effects on public health and the world economy has pushed the boundaries of current science and technologies. The convergence of nanotechnology with virology has opened multiple windows for different applications in biomedical and environmental sciences related to the virus. The use of various nanoparticles and their conjugates is important in diagnostics and treatment of viral diseases. This review explores the translational potential of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in virus detection techniques and methodologies with comparative scrutiny of the time-consuming nature and limitations of traditional methods. It highlights the acuteness of viral diseases by illustrating the mechanistic pathogenesis of different virus types and underscores the need for rapid and accurate diagnostic techniques. The study entails the advantages of ZnO NPs over traditional diagnostic methods in both clinical and research settings addressing profusely different issues like false negative and positive signals. Challenges and future directions are sightseen entailing the optimization, sensitivity, and integration of ZnO NP-based diagnostics with existing platforms. The study illuminates the intricate amalgamation of nanotechnology with virology for the development of innovative diagnostic techniques as a promise to reshape the diagnostics and management of the disease.