Antimicrobial resistance and virulence in Klebsiella pneumoniae: a four-month study in Osogbo, Nigeria.

Objective: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health crisis, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being a key pathogen due to its multidrug resistance (MDR). This study aimed to investigate the resistance profiles, demographic correlations, and molecular characteristics of MDR K. pneumoniae at UNIOSUN Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria.

Methods: From January to April 2022, 99 clinical isolates (K. pneumoniae) were collected from various specimen types (blood, sputum, urine, wound, stool, and oral cavity). Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and virulence genes were analysed using multiplex polymerase chain reaction.

Results: All isolates exhibited resistance to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and colistin, with high resistance observed for cefepime and carbapenems (meropenem, imipenem, and ertapenem). Molecular characterization revealed the presence of virulence genes K1, K2, and mrkD in 15 isolates, while other tested virulence genes ( fimH, ramA, traT, K3, and K5 ) were not detected. Significant associations were identified between resistance patterns and demographic factors, including age and sex, highlighting potential vulnerabilities in specific populations.

Conclusions: This study underscores the alarming prevalence of MDR K. pneumoniae and aligns with global trends of rising AMR. Addressing these challenges requires targeted antimicrobial stewardship programs, infection control measures, public education, and enhanced surveillance systems. Incorporating molecular resistance testing and novel therapeutic agents in future research is crucial to developing effective containment strategies and preserving antibiotic efficacy.