Alzheimer's disease classification by supervised and intelligent techniques.

Background: Significant advancements in neuroimaging have emerged over the past decade, notably through positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its precursor, mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Combining imaging modalities with machine learning (ML) techniques enhances diagnostic accuracy.

Objective: To develop predictive models using pre-treatment brain imaging data to distinguish between normal controls (NC), MCI, and AD stages, improving diagnostic precision.

Methods: We utilized the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database, processing 3D MRI, PET Florbetaben, and PET Flortaucipir images. Techniques included convolutional neural networks (CNN), fuzzy logic, and multi-layer perceptron (MLP). Feature extraction involved amyloid-β volume, tau protein levels, and empty space volumes.

Results: The fuzzy logic approach achieved a classification accuracy of 99.1%, outperforming CNN (90.67%) and MLP (94%). Integration of multimodal data significantly enhanced performance compared to single-modality approaches.

Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that integrating advanced ML techniques with multimodal neuroimaging can effectively classify AD stages. These findings address critical gaps in early detection and provide a foundation for future clinical applications.