Reuse of bottom sediment from reservoirs to cropland is a promising agroecological practice that must be rationalized.

In semi-arid areas, intermittent streams are often equipped with small reservoirs to store water for irrigation and/or groundwater recharge, and to capture sediments lost through erosion. These reservoirs must be periodically desilted to maintain their storage capacity. While bottom sediments are generally considered waste, their reuse in agricultural fields is a centuries-old practice in India. Our study aimed to test the hypothesis that local farmers' knowledge and current practices can help in understanding and rationalizing this practice. The study relied on both interviews of farmers and physico-chemical analysis of soil and sediment samples collected in a cultivated watershed in South India. First, our results disprove our hypothesis as we found a wide diversity of (i) application rates ranging from light soil amendment to creation of anthropogenic soils, and costs, which were not explained by the distance between reservoirs and fields neither by the field size, suggesting that there is no consensus among farmers on the optimal dose, and (ii) opinions on the impact of sediments on soil functions with the majority citing an improvement in the physical and/or chemical properties of the soil, suggesting that there is no consensus on the sediment impact on soil. Secondly, our results highlight that (i) only farmers with access to irrigation implemented this practice and they sourced sediment from the nearest reservoir, (ii) a slight majority of farmers used less irrigation water and less fertilizer after sediment application, and (iii) differences in sediments and soils composition suggest that sediment application is more likely to improve soil physical structure than nutrient status. The reuse of sediments on cropland could therefore be a promising agroecological practice, likely to increase the resource circularity and the sustainability of cropping systems. However, expressing its potential would require defining optimal application rates, assessing potential risks, sharing knowledge and promoting collective management of the resource.