Konstantinos Papadimitriou, Stefanos Zafeiriadis, Nikos Papadimitriou, George Tsalis
{"title":"病例报告:仰泳结束时实施海豚踢对游泳成绩的影响。从地区级游泳运动员到奥林匹克级游泳运动员。比较案例研究。","authors":"Konstantinos Papadimitriou, Stefanos Zafeiriadis, Nikos Papadimitriou, George Tsalis","doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1531427","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>According to the World Aquatics (WA) an updated swimming regulation (SW) concerning the backstroke finish has been implemented, allowing, the swimmers to fully submerge their bodies at once when some part of their head pass the 5-meter mark immediately before touching the wall. Therefore, the present comparative case study aims to apply the new regulation on backstroke finish, examining the swimming efficiency and underwater kinematics of an elite Olympic-level swimmer, and comparing the data with the published ones from a previous study on regional-level swimmers. A 19-year-old male Olympic-level backstroke swimmer performed three all-out 20 m backstroke swims: (i) touching the wall, breaking the water's surface with one part of their body (Classic), (ii) touching the wall with one hand, submerging the body two strokes after passing the last 5 m (Dive-One Hand) and (iii) touching the wall on streamline position, submerging the body two strokes after passing the last 5 m (Dive-Streamline) Kinematic analysis of the intermediate 10 m and the last 5 m was conducted using a digital video camera. Descriptive statistics and the Crawford-Howell <i>t</i>-test were utilized for the comparisons between elite and regional-level swimmers. Based on the swimmer's analysis, intermediate 10 m were faster than that in regional level swimmers (Elite vs. Regional: 1.68 ± 0.1 vs. 1.29 ± 0.1 m·s<sup>-1</sup>, <i>p</i> = 0.00). Also, the elite-level swimmer increased his transition swimming speed (SS) (from 10 to the last 5 m) in all backstroke finishes (0.05 ± 0.03 vs. -0.07 ± 0.03 m·s<sup>-1</sup>). Also, in the last 5 m showed an extreme increase in velocity at the sink- to-finish speed (SFS), 2.16 and 2.28 m·s<sup>-1</sup> for Dive-One hand, and Dive-Streamline, respectively. However, the tendency in velocity between backstroke finishes was similar between regional and elite-level swimmers. The elite swimmer can utilize the two variations of backstroke finishes more effectively compared to the regional-level swimmers. The swifter dolphin kick ability appears to play a significant role in achieving a successful backstroke finish, However, further investigations involving elite swimmers, differentiating the sinking approach and improving the speed before sinking (SBS) factor, could potentially provide more insights.</p>","PeriodicalId":12716,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","volume":"7 ","pages":"1531427"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11868261/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Case Report: Impact of dolphin kick implementation during backstroke finishes on swimming performance. From regional to olympic-level swimmers. 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A 19-year-old male Olympic-level backstroke swimmer performed three all-out 20 m backstroke swims: (i) touching the wall, breaking the water's surface with one part of their body (Classic), (ii) touching the wall with one hand, submerging the body two strokes after passing the last 5 m (Dive-One Hand) and (iii) touching the wall on streamline position, submerging the body two strokes after passing the last 5 m (Dive-Streamline) Kinematic analysis of the intermediate 10 m and the last 5 m was conducted using a digital video camera. Descriptive statistics and the Crawford-Howell <i>t</i>-test were utilized for the comparisons between elite and regional-level swimmers. Based on the swimmer's analysis, intermediate 10 m were faster than that in regional level swimmers (Elite vs. Regional: 1.68 ± 0.1 vs. 1.29 ± 0.1 m·s<sup>-1</sup>, <i>p</i> = 0.00). Also, the elite-level swimmer increased his transition swimming speed (SS) (from 10 to the last 5 m) in all backstroke finishes (0.05 ± 0.03 vs. -0.07 ± 0.03 m·s<sup>-1</sup>). Also, in the last 5 m showed an extreme increase in velocity at the sink- to-finish speed (SFS), 2.16 and 2.28 m·s<sup>-1</sup> for Dive-One hand, and Dive-Streamline, respectively. However, the tendency in velocity between backstroke finishes was similar between regional and elite-level swimmers. The elite swimmer can utilize the two variations of backstroke finishes more effectively compared to the regional-level swimmers. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
根据世界游泳协会(WA)最新的游泳规则(SW),关于仰泳结束的规定已经实施,允许游泳运动员在头部的某些部分在触壁前超过5米时立即将身体完全浸入水中。因此,本比较案例研究旨在应用新规定对仰泳结束的影响,考察奥运水平优秀游泳运动员的游泳效率和水下运动学,并将数据与先前发表的地区水平游泳运动员的研究数据进行比较。一名19岁的奥运会级别男子仰泳运动员完成了3个全力以赴的20米仰泳。(1)触墙,用身体的一部分破水(经典);(2)单手触墙,游过最后5米后下潜2次(单手跳水);(3)流线体位触墙,游过最后5米后下潜2次(流线跳水)用数码摄像机对中间10米和最后5米进行运动学分析。采用描述性统计和Crawford-Howell t检验对优秀和地区水平游泳运动员进行比较。从游泳运动员的分析来看,中级10米游泳运动员比地区水平游泳运动员快(精英与地区:1.68±0.1比1.29±0.1 m·s-1, p = 0.00)。此外,精英水平的运动员在所有仰泳结束时的过渡游泳速度(SS)(从10米到最后5米)都有所提高(0.05±0.03 m·s-1 vs -0.07±0.03 m·s-1)。此外,在最后5 m,单手跳水和流线跳水的沉降至终点速度(SFS)分别增加了2.16和2.28 m·s-1。然而,在区域和精英水平的游泳运动员之间,仰泳结束之间的速度趋势是相似的。与地区水平的游泳运动员相比,优秀的游泳运动员可以更有效地利用仰泳的两种变化。更快的海豚式踢腿能力似乎在成功完成仰泳中起着重要作用,然而,对优秀游泳运动员的进一步研究,区分下沉方法和提高下沉前的速度(SBS)因素,可能会提供更多的见解。
Case Report: Impact of dolphin kick implementation during backstroke finishes on swimming performance. From regional to olympic-level swimmers. A comparative case study.
According to the World Aquatics (WA) an updated swimming regulation (SW) concerning the backstroke finish has been implemented, allowing, the swimmers to fully submerge their bodies at once when some part of their head pass the 5-meter mark immediately before touching the wall. Therefore, the present comparative case study aims to apply the new regulation on backstroke finish, examining the swimming efficiency and underwater kinematics of an elite Olympic-level swimmer, and comparing the data with the published ones from a previous study on regional-level swimmers. A 19-year-old male Olympic-level backstroke swimmer performed three all-out 20 m backstroke swims: (i) touching the wall, breaking the water's surface with one part of their body (Classic), (ii) touching the wall with one hand, submerging the body two strokes after passing the last 5 m (Dive-One Hand) and (iii) touching the wall on streamline position, submerging the body two strokes after passing the last 5 m (Dive-Streamline) Kinematic analysis of the intermediate 10 m and the last 5 m was conducted using a digital video camera. Descriptive statistics and the Crawford-Howell t-test were utilized for the comparisons between elite and regional-level swimmers. Based on the swimmer's analysis, intermediate 10 m were faster than that in regional level swimmers (Elite vs. Regional: 1.68 ± 0.1 vs. 1.29 ± 0.1 m·s-1, p = 0.00). Also, the elite-level swimmer increased his transition swimming speed (SS) (from 10 to the last 5 m) in all backstroke finishes (0.05 ± 0.03 vs. -0.07 ± 0.03 m·s-1). Also, in the last 5 m showed an extreme increase in velocity at the sink- to-finish speed (SFS), 2.16 and 2.28 m·s-1 for Dive-One hand, and Dive-Streamline, respectively. However, the tendency in velocity between backstroke finishes was similar between regional and elite-level swimmers. The elite swimmer can utilize the two variations of backstroke finishes more effectively compared to the regional-level swimmers. The swifter dolphin kick ability appears to play a significant role in achieving a successful backstroke finish, However, further investigations involving elite swimmers, differentiating the sinking approach and improving the speed before sinking (SBS) factor, could potentially provide more insights.